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A torque converter in modern usage, is commonly a fluid coupling that is utilized to be able to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, like for example an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. Same as a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanical clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a considerable difference between input and output rotational speed.
The fluid coupling kind is the most common kind of torque converter used in car transmissions. During the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or otherwise called Constantinesco converter. There are various mechanical designs utilized for constantly changeable transmissions that have the ability to multiply torque. Like for instance, the Variomatic is a type that has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which is incapable of multiplying torque. A torque converter has an extra component that is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics through occasions of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a minimum of three rotating components inside a torque converter: the turbine, which drives the load, the impeller, which is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the turbine and the impeller so that it can change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under whichever condition and this is where the word stator originates from. In point of fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been alterations that have been incorporated sometimes. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is required, adjustments to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Most commonly, these modifications have taken the form of various stators and turbines. Every set has been intended to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several examples comprise the Dynaflow which makes use of a five element converter in order to produce the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
Even though it is not strictly a component of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters include a lock-up clutch in order to lessen heat and in order to improve cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
